The “timeout” allows the user to execute a command and then terminate it after a set time has passed. In other words, “timeout” makes it easier to run a command for a certain amount of time. The “timeout” command is included in the GNU core utility kit, which comes standard with almost every Linux system.
In the write-up, we will go through the fundamentals of this command with examples.
Syntax
The “timeout” command has the following syntax:
Duration can be in floating integers with time suffix:
m= minute
h= hour
d= day
Using the “timeout” Command
Ping your system with an IP address, it will keep on going until you terminate it by pressing CTRL+C.
Now, set a time to terminate it using the “timeout” command. For instance, I will set the time to 7, which means the execution of the “ping” command will stop after 7 seconds.
Follow the below-given command to set the time limit:
Setting Timeout with Another Time Unit
Similarly, we can ping “facebook.com” as well, using:
To stop the “ping” command after 1 minute, type a below-given command in a terminal:
Showing Exit Status
Many programs sent a value/code to the shell when they terminate.
For example, terminate the following process before it hit its time limit that is 6 seconds. Hit CTRL+C and check exit status by typing “echo $”. It will return “0” in the output:
Interrupting a running process will always give a “0” exit code.
Preserve the Status
Preserve status returns an exit status even if we terminate it forcefully using CTRL+C. The command would be:
And to check the exit code, type:
Now, the exit status will be 143.
Sending Signals to Timeout
The “timeout” command sends a signal to the process to terminate it.
To check the available signals use the “kill” command:
A list of all available signals will be displayed.
The “-s” (–signal) option allows you to set a signal to give:
The “timeout” command uses the “SIGTERM” to stop a process, but many processes ignore the “SIGTERM” signal. To forcefully terminate a process using the “SIGKILL” signal, cannot be ignored by any process.
Sending SIGKILL to the ping command after 2 seconds, type:
You can also send signals by using a signal number instead of a signal’s name:
Sending Kill Signals
The “-k” option is being used to terminate the process.
In the following example, if the connection does not establish in 2 minutes, it will kill the timeout command after 3 seconds:
In my case, the timeout command will run for 2 minutes and not be terminated. Therefore, it will not kill even after 3 seconds.
Getting Help
Linux has a very good feature that it provides help for every command we use. By using “help” with a command name, it will give you the help information in detail:
Checking Version
To check the version of the timeout command, type:
Conclusion
In Linux operating system, the “timeout” command is a command-line utility that is used to terminate a running process after a set period. It is used for the processes that run continuously. Moreover, the exit status of running processes can also be accessed using the “timeout” command. We have discussed timeout commands through different examples with several options.
